Pharmacognostic study, investigation of antimicrobial activities, leishmanicidal and toxicity of Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek - Rhamnaceae (little coffee) / Estudo Farmacognóstico, Investigação das Atividades Antimicrobiana, Leishmanicida e Toxicidade Aguda de Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek RHAMNACEAE (Cafezinho)

Tiago Branquinho Oliveira

In the last years the treatment with medicines made from medicinal plants has increased. A concern about the useful of these natural products is the quality control pharmacobotanical, phytochemical and purity tests, which make up the technical specifications of a particular plant species. Moreover, pharmacological and toxicological studies must be conducted in order to effectiveness and safety. This study aimed to carry out the assessment pharmacognostic, acute toxicity and evaluation of antimicrobial and leishmanicidal of the ethanol extract of the leaves, fruit, stem bark and root bark of R. elaeocarpum Reissek. Samples of R. elaeocarpum were collected in the municipality of Campestre-GO, a description of the macroscopic aspects of the leaves, stem bark and root bark was carried to the naked eye by observing the macroscopic general of vegetal drugs; the microscopical analysis was performed by observing the histological stained. The qualitative analysis of the major classes of secondary metabolites present in the sprayed sample. The tests for water content, total ashes and acid insoluble ashes had been carried through according to the brazilian pharmacopoeia IV. The rude ethanol extract was obtained by maceration and the fractions were obtained by partition, liquid-liquid, successive with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution. The procedure was performed according to NCCLS standards 2004 (M7-A7). The evaluation of acute toxicity of ethanol extracts had reference to the Guidelines of 423 Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). The leishmanicidal activity was tested for the promastigotes forms of Leishmania (L) chagasi. Most of the morphological and anatomical characteristics observed are consistent with the typical family. In phytochemical screening of leaf, root bark, stem bark and fruit of R. elaeocarpum verified the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids. It was also the presence of heterosides saponins and tannins in leaf, root bark, stem bark and is absent in the fruit. The extracts and fractions that had obtained the lowest value of minimum inhibitory concentration (0,390 mg.mL-1) against microorganisms tested showed moderate inhibitory activity. None of the extracts and fractions showed good inhibitory activity. As is said about the toxicological research, throughout the period of observation of animals during the evaluation of acute toxicity was not death. Through behavioral observations made through the hippocratic screening is assigned a zero score for all evaluated items. The necropsy of the animals did not evidence any macroscopic alterations to justify the histopathology of the organs (kidney, spleen and liver) selected for analysis. This study demonstrated that the use of rude extract and fractions of leaves of R. elaeocarpum induced death of promastigotes forms of L. (L) chagasi in vitro. The presented results open perspectives for the future isolation, purification and identification of bioactive substances of R. elaeocarpum

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