Characterization and selection of seed fats of the genus Theobroma for technological application / Caracterização e seleção de gorduras de sementes do genero Theobroma para aplicação tecnologica

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2002

RESUMO

The genus Theobroma belongs to Sterculiaceae family. The 22 Theobroma species are restricted to Tropical America. The nine species occurring in Brazil restricted to the Amazon basin are: T. grandiflorum, T. obovatum, T. subincanun, T. camagoanum, T. speciosum, T. sy/vestre, T. microcarpum, T. bic%r and T. cacao. Ali of them are present in the rainforest, producing without pesticides or fertilisers, and could be characterised like organic products. Mostly of these fruits beans are rich in fat, without trans fatty acids. Among them detaches T. grandiflorum (cupuassu), which similarity with cocoa tree, originated many research in order to profit its crop, like cocoa bean or cocoa butter (CB) substitute, or with the aim to profit a rich raw material, from nutrition point of view, and the introduction of a new product with regional organoleptic characteristics. Analysis of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition showed that fats from T. speciosum, T. sy/vestre and T. bic%r are potential cocoa butter altematives, alone or applied in mixtures, while T. microcarpum might be an excellent source of behenic acid. Fats from T. grandiflorum, T. obovatum and T. subincanum are softer than cocoa butter, but have an interesting melting point, below body temperature, and satisfactory melting curve for use in foods, such as bread, cake, ice.,cream or chocolate fillings. During crystallization (DSC), most samples had very similar behavior, showing only one peak, however, fats from T sy/vestre and T. speciosum presented two main peaks. Melting behavior was very complex with two or more peaks during heating, due to melting of unstable forms and crystallization in more stable ones. Cocoa utter had a different behavior, with only one peak in the curve. Mixtures were made with some fats. In general terms, they cannot be used directly as CBEs, but could be used in chocolate derivatives. With the same objective, mixtures of cocoa butter with bic%r and cupuassu fats were done, and showed clear compatibility. Mixtures with more than 40% of cupuassu or bic%r, showed like cocoa butter improvers (CBI) because, above 25°C, promoted an increase in the solid fat content. Consequently these mixtures have more heat resistance. Cupuassu was applied in plain cake and chocolate ice-cream, and study by means of physical and sensory analysis. It was study the influence and agreement of raw cupuassu fat (CP) and deodorised (CD) in plain cake andice-cream, respect to an standard product with commercial fat. The cake had not significant difference (5%) in specific volume nor texture (TPA). In difference from standard test there was significant difference (5%) among three cakes, being more different from standard the cake make with CP. Consumer test showed significantly different (5%) only the aspect (Iow intensity). Ice cream made with CP was different (5%) to the other two. Taste was significantly different (5%) from the rest in the consumer test. The ice cream less preferredwas that made with CP, and the most preferred, with standard fat. However, ice-cream made with CD has good acceptance. Ice-cream made with integral cupuassu liquor (47% fat), had very high acceptance and no rejection in consumer test. In last case, consumers were informed of the presence of cupuassu in the product. Fats crystallised in static way during 48h at 25° and 29°C. At 25°C crystallisation was observed for ali the species, however at 29° only T. bic%r showed clear and complete crystallisation (8 type at 25°C and B at 29°C). T. sy/vestre and T. speciosum had a very fast crystallisation (small crystals) and T. cacao, T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum and T. obovatum followed the same main trends (cystals type B and B medium size). DSC and PLM showed as complementary techniques in order to asses and elucidate some results

ASSUNTO(S)

bolos gordura etc cupuaçu fat ice gelados sorvetes theobroma

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