Freedom, macroeconomics and wappiness: an empirical analisys of a panel of countries / Liberdade, macroeconomia e felicidade: uma análise empírica de um painel de países

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2007

RESUMO

This dissertation brings evidence on the role of the main macroeconomic variables and freedom on individual happiness. Using microdata from subjective wellbeing surveys from 74 countries, we estimate an Ordered Probit Model. Based on a standard microeconometric specification, we show that macroeconomics influences wellbeing directly. Even after controlling for time, individual characteristics and regional effects, per capita GDP has positive and diminishing effects on reported wellbeing. Most of this effect vanishes with time, suggesting a strong presence of human adaptation. The costs of recessions are found to be larger than what would be predicted by standard economic theory. We estimate that a rise on the unemployment rate brings psychic losses over and beyond the fall on GDP. They are equivalent to US$450 for the average citizen and US$11,400 to the people who lose their jobs. The cost of inflation, on average is US$88, which results on a marginal substitution rate between unemployment and inflation of around 5. That corroborates the existence of a Social Welfare Fuction. Moreover, we find that the costs of inflation fall specially on the poor, culminating on US$364 for the individuals belonging to the lowest income decile, suggesting a regressive nature of the inflation tax. We also find evidence that people derive utility from the conditions and processes that lead to economic outcomes, beyond the utility derived directly from these outcomes. This kind of utility is called procedural utility. People prefer to live in freer political and economic environments, where they have more possibilities to choose from. The main theoretical consequence of this kind of evidence is that the fact that people care about processes violates the fundamental axiom of monotonicity, which leads the evaluation of individual behavior of standard economic theory necessarily to an inconsistent representation of preferences. Procedural utility is not compatible with the expected utility theory.

ASSUNTO(S)

felicidade inflação wappiness liberdade unemplayment freedom desemprego inflation macroeconomics macroeconomia

ACESSO AO ARTIGO

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