Calda sulfocálcica em pomares de citros: evolução da resistência em Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) e impacto sobre Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) / Lime sulfur in citrus groves: resistance evolution in Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and impact on Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Nadia Fernanda Bertan Casarin

The use of the lime sulfur as an alternative product for controlling Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) has intensified in Brazilian citrus groves. The lime sulfur is the only efficient product used to control B. phoenicis and certified by organic producers with an average of 11 sprayings per year. Due to intense use of this product, the major objectives of this research were to understand the evolution of resistance of lime sulfur in B. phoenicis and the impact on Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark &Muma by conducting studies (a) to detect and characterize B. phoenicis resistance to lime sulfur by monitoring susceptibility in populations collected from citrus groves managed organically and conventionally, and by assessing the possible crossresistance between sulfur and lime sulfur; (b) to understand the impact of lime sulfur toxicity in B. phoenicis resistance evolution, by comparing the demography of susceptible (S), lime sulfurresistant (Lime-R) and sulfur-resistant (Sulfur-R) strains; (c) to evaluate the stability of B. phoenicis resistance to lime sulfur under laboratory conditions, by estimating temporal changes in the frequency of resistance and the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) in S and Lime-R strains; and (d) to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effect of lime sulfur on I. zuluagai. To monitor susceptibility of B. phoenicis to lime sulfur, a diagnostic concentration of 320 g of sulfur/ml of water [(ppm) AI] was defined, by characterization of S strain through direct and residual contact bioassays. Significant differences in susceptibility were detected among populations, but not between management systems. A population with the highest survivorship was identified for selecting a resistant strain to lime sulfur (R) with diagnostic concentration. The estimated LC50 of lime sulfur for S and R strains were 200.79 and 1,142.75 ppm respectively. Therefore, the resistance ratio was 5.69-fold. Cross-resistance between sulfur and lime sulfur was detected in B. phoenicis. The evaluation of the toxicity of lime sulfur on resistance evolution was based on estimation of ri. The ri decreased with the increase of lime sulfur concentrations to all strains. The Lime-R and Sulfur-R strains showed positive population growth, even at concentrations of 3,000 and 6,000 ppm, while the S strain was extinct from concentration of 3,000 ppm of lime sulfur. Discrimination between the S and the Lime-R and Sulfur-R was observed from concentrations of 320 and 240 ppm, respectively. The resistance of B. phoenicis to lime sulfur was stable under laboratory conditions. The toxicity of lime sulfur in I. zuluagai was evaluated with residual and direct contact bioassay. The persistence of lime sulfur to I. zuluagai was evaluated on plants of Canavalia ensiformis L. sprayed at concentrations up to 6,000 ppm. The lime sulfur at concentrations of 3,000 and 6,000 ppm had negative impact on population growth of I. zuluagai, by leading to extinction. The persistence of lime sulfur was relatively high because even 41-day old residues had also negative impact on I. zuluagai population growth. Based on results obtained herein, strategies for managing B. phoenicis resistance to lime sulfur should be implemented to preserve the lifetime of this product.

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