Mycotoxins in nationals foods and beverages produced and commercialized in severals Brazilian regions. / Micotoxinas em alimentos e bebidas nacionais produzidos e comercializados em diferentes regiões do Brasil.

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2004

RESUMO

Mycotoxins are secondary fungi metabolites with toxic effects for humans and animals. They are of great importance for the public health and the economy of a country. In Brazil, mycotoxins have been the object of research mainly in the center south region and more recently in the southern region of the country. There is a lack of information about foods consumed in other regions. On other hand, there are a great number of Brazilian foods unexamined for the presence of mycotoxins as well as mycotoxins that have not been studied in the country. With the objective of examining foods and beverages produced in different regions of the country, the present work was divided in three main bodies: (a) Development of an analytical method for determining patulin and verruculogen by high performance liquid chromatography in tomato pulps followed by a survey of the presence of these toxins in tomato pulps processed in two Brazilian regions; (b) Evaluation of the occurrence of fumonisin B1, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 e G2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in corn-based food products commercialized in a northeastern city of the country; (c) Survey of the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in beer produced in several Brazilian states. During the first phase of the work, a method for the determination of patulin and verruculogen in tomato pulps was developed and evaluated. The method involved an extraction with ethyl acetate, cleanup with a silica gel column and quantification by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. Quantification limits were 10 ng/g for patulin and 20 ng/g for verruculogen. Fourteen production lots of tomato pulps processed in 1996/1997 and 15 production lots processed in 1997/1998 from a plant located in the state of São Paulo and another located in the state of Goiás were analyzed for patulin and verruculogen. Patulin and verruculogen were found in none the samples analyzed. In a second phase 74 samples of corn-based foods commercialized in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, during the period of 1999 to 2001, were analyzed for fumonisin B1, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone were xv determined by thin layer chromatography according to SOARES &RODRIGUEZAMAYA (1989). Fumonisin B1 was determined by high performance liquid chromatography as described by SHEPHARD et al. (1990) and modified by CAMARGOS et al. (1999). Among all mycotoxins searched for, fumonisin B1 was the one most frequently found and it was present in 94.6% of the samples in concentrations varying from 20 to 8600 ug/Kg. Only 5 samples contained aflatoxin B1 (max = 20 ug/Kg) and 3 of the samples also had aflatoxin B2 (max = 3 ug/Kg). Two of the samples exceeded the limit of 20 ug/Kg for the sum of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 e G2, one sample of pre-cooked corn flour (21.5 ug/Kg) and one sample of corn grits (23.3 ug/Kg). Aflatoxins G1 e G2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone were not detected in any of the samples analyzed. All samples contaminated with aflatoxins also contained fumonisin B1, but no pattern of contamination could be found in the co-occurrence of these mycotoxins. Finally, 58 Brazilian beers produced in 9 states (São Paulo (SP), Minas Gerais (MG), Sergipe (SE), Pará (PA), Pernambuco (PE), Paraíba (PB), Paraná (PR), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)) and acquired during 2000 and 2001, were analyzed for fumonisin B1 utilizing extraction, cleanup and concentration on a solid phase extraction cartridge with strong ion exchange characteristics, followed by derivatization with o-phtaldialdehyde and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Quantitation limit was 1 ng/mL. Twenty-five samples (43.1%) of the total of 58 analyzed contained fumonisin B1. The concentration of fumonisin B1 in the samples varied from 1 to 40ng/mL, with an average of 9.6 ± 10.2 ng/mL. The contamination found was low but it indicates the need of controlling raw materials used in breweries since mycotoxin contamination varies from year to year and such a procedure would guarantee a better quality product to the consumer.

ASSUNTO(S)

fungos na agricultura tomate corn mycotoxins micotoxinas tomato milho beer cerveja fumonisins

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