Ensino de leitura de frases com compreensão a alunos de 2 série de Escolas Públicas de Belém / Teaching sentence reading with comprehension to second graders in the public schools of Belem

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2004

RESUMO

Researchers using the stimulus equivalence paradigm have succeeded in teaching reading comprehension in human subjects of all ages with or without a history of school failure. The present study was conducted for the same purpose with five second graders, four females and one male in the 8 to 11 age range, all presenting reading problems. The following stimulus sets were employed: (1) spoken and printed syllables; (2) spoken and printed words; (3) pictures representing the words; (4) spoken and printed sentences, and (5) pictures representing these sentences. Different experimental phases were programmed involving pre-tests, training conditional relations, tests of emergent relations for equivalence and generalization, and post-tests. Syllables, words, sentences and novel words and sentences constituted the experimental stimuli. A conditional discrimination format was used, where the sample stimulus (word, printed sentence or picture ) was positioned on the left side of a rectangular card, and the comparison stimuli (three words, printed sentences or pictures) where located on the right side, separated by a vertical line. The card was used in all activities by the experimenter, who was, in turn, accompanied by an independent observer. Instructions were given verbally, and there were differential consequences for corect and incorrect responses. The control in all phaes of the activity was manual. The learning criterion was set at a 100% correct response rate. Each session lasted about 40 minutes.Equivalence tests were administered only once. On the generalization tests, wrong answers were followed by a repetition of the learning trials. Conditional relations involving spoken words, printed words and pictures (mixed AB and AC) were learned successfully. A majority of the children formed the BC equivalence relationship between the pictures and printed words, and all mastered the inverse CB equivalence relation. In addition the participants successfully named the pictures corresponding to the words (BD), read the words (CD), and were able to read new words (CD). Subsequently they succeeded in making conditional relations between spoken words and printed pictures (AC), and on trained relations between spoken and printed sentences (mixed AC). Whereas only two children formed the BC equivalence between pictures and printed sentences, the majority formed the inverse CB equivalence. Also a majority named the drawn sentences (BD), all read these sentences (CD) as well as new sentences containing recombined words (CD), and all read other novel sentences containing recombined syllables (CD). Thirty days afterwards, all of the children maintained the same level of word reading performance, and most read the same or recombined sentences. Results from this study made it possible to identify the principal prerequisites necessary to teach reading and assess comprehension involving verbal units and simple sentences based on the equivalence paradigm. It was suggested that in future investigations the verbal units might be further extended to encompass more complex sentence structures, which, aside from nouns and adjectives, would include pronouns, verbs and adverbs, among others.

ASSUNTO(S)

reading, psychology of psicologia do ensino e da aprendizagem leitura - psicologia generalização generalization reading comprehension stimulus equivalence compreensão na leitura sentence reading leitura e compreensão de leitura de frases equivalência de estímulos reading comprehension

ACESSO AO ARTIGO

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