Cariótipo molecular: uma ferramenta para o estudo analítico e evolutivo do genoma de Trypanosoma cruzi / Molecular karyotype: a tool for the analytical and evolutionary study of Trypanosoma cruzi genome.

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2005

RESUMO

Different typing methods and phylogenetic inference based on the nucleotide sequence of few nuclear genes indicate that Trypanosoma cruzi can be divided into two major groups named as T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II. Additional subgroups of isolates have been described, such as group of rDNA 1/2 and zymodeme 3 (Z3), whose phylogenetic relationships with the T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II groups is not clear. The molecular karyotype is a tool that allows investigation of particular aspects of the genome of organisms. In this study, we have characterized the molecular karyotype of 22 isolates following the separation of chromosomes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and hybridization with probes that represent genes coding for proteins or RNA species. We observed an extensive chromosome polymorphism between the isolates and that isolates typed as T. cruzi II, rDNA 1/2 and Z3 have chromosome of larger molecular size (up to 3.5 Mb) in relation to T. cruzi I isolates (up to 2.8 Mb). Data from molecular karyotype have been also used to verify the evolutionary meaning of chromosome polymorphism. The phenetic analyses were based on the absolute chromosomal size difference index (aCSDI), calculated from the hybridization of a variable number of genetic markers. Initially, we analyzed nine isolates, classified by different molecular approaches into T. cruzi I,T. cruzi II and rDNA 1/2 groups. This latter group has been considered of hybrid genotypes and has been included by some authors in the T. cruzi II group. aCSDI-based dendrograms obtained from 3 to 21 probes defined in all the cases three clusters: two corresponding, respectively, to T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II groups; and a third one, to rDNA group 1/2. CL Brener - the reference organism of the T. cruzi Genome Project - was alternatively positioned in T. cruzi II or rDNA 1/2 group clusters, illustrating the hybrid nature of this isolate. Three clusters were also observed in the dendrogram constructed with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data from 18 probes. The topology of the chromosome and RFLP dendrograms is similar, with a significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.86062; P <0.0001), supporting a strong structuring of the clusters. Subsequently we evaluated the position of Z3 isolates in relation to the above-mentioned groups, because some authors clustered Z3 with T. cruzi II group. For this purpose we determined the hybridization pattern of 9 probes with the chromosomes of 19 isolates (eight of Z3; three of T. cruzi I; three of T. cruzi II and five of rDNA 1/2). The topology of the aCSDI-based dendrograms showed four clusters corresponding, respectively, to T. cruzi I, T. cruzi II, rDNA 1/2 + CL Brener and Zymodeme 3 (eight out of nine isolates). This study also revealed that hybrid stocks have a larger proportion of two different-sized homologous chromosomes, as compared with non-hybrid. Overall, our results show that chromosomes are valuable characters for identification of evolutionary groups in T. cruzi. Because rDNA 1/2 isolates have ribosomal cistrons of type 1 and type 2, we have characterized the distribution of both cistrons in the chromosomal bands of these isolates. We verified that the majority of type-2 rDNA genes are localized in a 1.5 Mb band, whereas type-1 cistrons are mostly concentrated in a 1.1 Mb band. We have also estimated the number of chromosomes and genome size of four T. cruzi isolates, based on the densitometric analysis of the fluorescence intensity of chromosomes stained with SYBR Green I. For this purpose, we devised a mathematical model that allowed estimating 52, 65, 72 and 44 chromosomes (2N cell), respectively, in CL Brener, Esmeraldo cl3, SO3 cl5 and Silvio X10 cl1. The genome size in these isolates has been calculated, respectively, as 70 Mb, 78 Mb, 94,7 Mb and 47 Mb. The novel aspects of T. cruzi karyotype here presented contribute to the comprehension of the genome organization of this parasite and will assist the assignment of scaffold to the CL Brener chromosomes.

ASSUNTO(S)

genoma genome molecular karyotype pulsed-field gel electrophoresis análise fenética trypanosoma cruzi eletroforese de campo pulsado trypanosoma cruzi cariótipo molecular phenetic analysis cistrons ribossômicos ribosomal cistrons

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