Virtual layering and efficient merging in non-cooperative multicast trees

A critical problem faced by feedback-merger mechanisms is the lack of information that is discarded due to the hidden nodes in multicast trees. A node is said to be hidden from another if it is located in a sub tree that is a result from a fork in any upstream node. We propose in this paper the virtual layering scheme to avoid the problem caused by hidden-nodes in multi-layered multicast video environments. The virtual layering scheme induces intermediate nodes to keep extra states of the multicast session, which reduces the video degradation for the whole set of receivers. Furthermore, this s...

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