Identification and agreement of first turn point by mathematical analysis applied to heart rate, carbon dioxide output and electromyography

BACKGROUND: The second heart rate (HR) turn point has been extensively studied, however there are few studies determining the first HR turn point. Also, the use of mathematical and statistical models for determining changes in dynamic characteristics of physiological variables during an incremental cardiopulmonary test has been suggested. OBJECTIVES: To determine the first turn point by analysis of HR, surface electromyography (sEMG), and carbon dioxide output ( ) using two mathematical models and to compare the results to those of the visual method. METHOD: Ten sedentary middle-aged...