Negative Reinforcement
Mostrando 25-34 de 34 artigos, teses e dissertações.
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25. A Review of Reinforcement Control Procedures
A demonstration of the effects of reinforcement requires comparison of response rates in the presence of a contingency with those in another condition that controls for the influence of extraneous variables. We describe several control conditions that have been used in evaluating the effects of positive and negative reinforcement. The methodological rigor an
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26. Resurgence of Infant Caregiving Responses
Two experiments were conducted to identify the conditions likely to produce resurgence among adult human participants. The preparation was a simulated caregiving context, wherein a recorded infant cry sounded and was terminated contingent upon targeted caregiving responses. Results of Experiment 1 demonstrated resurgence with human participants in this negat
Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
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27. The Effects of Directive and Nondirective Prompts on Noncompliant Vocal Behavior Exhibited by A Child with Autism
Results of an analogue functional analysis indicated that noncompliant vocal behavior exhibited by a young girl with autism was maintained by negative reinforcement. Follow-up analyses suggested that the immediate escape contingency assessed in the demand condition did not appear to maintain the behavior. Instead, noncompliant vocal behavior occurred in resp
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28. Neural correlates of instrumental learning in primary auditory cortex
In instrumental learning, Thorndike's law of effect states that stimulus–response relations are strengthened if they occur prior to positive reinforcement and weakened if they occur prior to negative reinforcement. In this study, we demonstrate that neural correlates of Thorndike's law may be observed in the primary auditory cortex, A1. Adult owl monkeys l
The National Academy of Sciences.
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29. Influence of the endogenous opioid system on high alcohol consumption and genetic predisposition to alcoholism
There is increasing evidence supporting a link between the endogenous opioid system and excessive alcohol consumption. Acute or light alcohol consumption stimulates the release of opioid peptides in brain regions that are associated with reward and reinforcement and that mediate, at least in part, the reinforcing effects of ethanol. However, chronic heavy al
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30. Acetylcholine enhancement in the nucleus accumbens prevents addictive behaviors of cocaine and morphine
Drug addiction poses serious social, medical, and economic problems, but effective treatments for drug addiction are still limited. Cocaine and morphine elevate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and the overwhelming actions of dopamine are implicated in reinforcement and addiction of abusive drugs. In our previous studies, we reported the regul
The National Academy of Sciences.
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31. A Test Of The Formal And Modern Theories Of Matching
The present study tested a formal, or purely mathematical, theory of matching, and a modern account derived by McDowell (1986) that incorporates deviations from strict matching—bias and sensitivity. Six humans pressed a lever for monetary reinforcers on five concurrent variable interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement. All schedules were presented during e
Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
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32. Xylem Wall Collapse in Water-Stressed Pine Needles
Wall reinforcement in xylem conduits is thought to prevent wall implosion by negative pressures, but direct observations of xylem geometry during water stress are still largely lacking. In this study, we have analyzed the changes in xylem geometry during water stress in needles of four pine species (Pinus spp.). Dehydrated needles were frozen with liquid nit
The American Society for Plant Biologists.
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33. Neuropeptide B-deficient mice demonstrate hyperalgesia in response to inflammatory pain
Neuropeptide B (NPB) and neuropeptide W (NPW) have been recently identified as ligands for the G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 7 and GPR8. The precise in vivo role of this neuropeptide-receptor pathway has not been fully demonstrated. In this paper, we report that NPB-deficient mice manifest a mild adult-onset obesity, similar to that reported in GPR7-null
National Academy of Sciences.
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34. The Effect of Similarity between Elemental Stimuli and Compounds in Olfactory Patterning Discriminations
We studied the ability of honeybees to discriminate between single odorants and binary olfactory mixtures. We analyzed the effect of the number of common elements between these two stimulus classes on olfactory discrimination. We used olfactory conditioning of the honeybees' proboscis extension reflex (PER), a paradigm in which odors can be associated with a
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.