Forward Exchange Rate
Mostrando 1-12 de 15 artigos, teses e dissertações.
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1. Common currency and economic integration in mercosur
Latin America has a long history of attempts to achieve regional integration, yet success has been modest. This paper contends that this is essentially due not so much to protectionist practices in the various countries, but to the lack of a common currency, or, at least, of a tightly managed exchange rate band. We reviewed the optimum currency area criteria
Publicado em: 05/06/2009
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2. Exchange rate, interest rate and prices in the Brazilian system of inflation targets / Taxa de câmbio, taxa de juros e preços no regime brasileiro de metas de inflação
The deployment of a new system of monetary policy at the end of the decade of 1990 meant major changes in policy to combat inflation in Brazil. By the year 1999 monetary policy was restrictive, with an exchange rate that could be valued. After July 1999, the Central Bank started to have only one goal: to keep inflation under control, for that, it had as only
Publicado em: 2008
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3. Eficiência do mercado implícito de câmbio a termo no Brasil. / Efficiency of the implied forward exchange market in Brazil.
In this dissertation, the forward exchange market efficiency hypothesis is tested for the recent floating regime in Brazil. We use daily frequency data, with implied forward rates based on the swap market. The statistical approach is a semiparametric procedure which is statistically robust to data distributions with heavy tails and allows for non-stationarit
Publicado em: 2003
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4. Current-voltage relations and steady-state characteristics of Na+-Ca2+ exchange: characterization of the eight-state consecutive transport model.
An analytical expression for Na+-Ca2+ exchange currents in cardiac cells has been obtained for an eight-state model. The equation obtained has been used to derive theoretical expressions for current-voltage relationships, maximum Na+-Ca2+ exchange currents, and half-saturating concentrations for Na+ and Ca2+. These equations were analyzed over a wide range o
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5. Transport of K+ by Na(+)-Ca2+, K+ exchanger in isolated rods of lizard retina.
Transport of K+ by the photoreceptor Na(+)-Ca2+, K+ exchanger was investigated in isolated rod outer segments (OS) by recording membrane current under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions. Known amounts of K+ were imported in the OS through the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels while perfusing with high extracellular concentration of K+, [K+]o. These channels were
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6. Potassium translocation by the Na+/K+ pump is voltage insensitive.
The voltage dependence of steady and transient changes in Na+/K+ pump current, in response to step changes in membrane potential, was investigated in guinea pig ventricular myocytes voltage clamped and internally dialyzed under experimental conditions designed to support four separate modes of Na+/K+ pump activity. Voltage jumps elicited transient pump curre
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7. Rapid charge translocation by the cardiac Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger after a Ca2+ concentration jump.
The kinetics of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange current after a cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration jump (achieved by photolysis of DM-nitrophen) was measured in excised giant membrane patches from guinea pig or rat heart. Increasing the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration from 0.5 microM in the presence of 100 mM extracellular Na+ elicits an inward current that rises with a time
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8. Kinetics of spontaneous displacement of RNA from heteroduplexes by DNA.
We have used R-loop formation and direct hybridization techniques to analyze the kinetics by which RNA is displaced from a heteroduplex by DNA of identical sequence. Using random walk simulations we were able to calculate the step times for a single displacement reaction. For RNA with a GC content of 57-60% the data indicate an RNA exchange probability of 50
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9. Phosphoarginine stimulation of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange in squid axons--a new pathway for metabolic regulation?
1. [Na+]o-dependent Ca2+ efflux (forward Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange), [32P]ATP wash-out curves and [ATP] were measured in internally dialysed squid giant axons at 17-18 degrees C. 2. We found that dialysing squid axons without ATP and with [Ca2+]i around 1 microM the basal levels of the [Na+]o-dependent Ca2+ efflux were significantly higher in the presence of N ome
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10. Endothelin and angiotensin II stimulation of Na+-H+ exchange is impaired in cardiac hypertrophy.
We compared the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on intracellular pH, intracellular [Ca2+]i, and cell contraction in hypertrophied adult ventricular myocytes from ascending aortic banded rats and age-matched controls. Intracellular pH (pH(i)) was measured in individual myocytes with SNARF-1, and [Ca2+]i was measured with indo-1, simultaneous with cell motion.
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11. Characteristics of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange in frog skeletal muscle.
1. Fluxes studies were carried out to investigate the Na(+)-dependent outward movement of Ca2+ in intact frog sartorius muscle from Leptodactylus ocellatus, a preparation for which published data on the subject are sparse. 2. Under normal resting conditions the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange was not readily detectable. 3. When muscles were exposed to 4 mM caffeine, the
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12. Uncoupling of the membrane skeleton from the lipid bilayer. The cause of accelerated phospholipid flip-flop leading to an enhanced procoagulant activity of sickled cells.
We have previously reported that the normal membrane phospholipid organization is altered in sickled erythrocytes. More recently, we presented evidence of enhanced transbilayer movement of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in deoxygenated reversibly sickled cells (RSC) and put forward the hypothesis that these abnormalities in phospholipid organization are confined t