Variações em caracteres morfológicos e ecológicos em populações de Bothrops jararaca (Serpentes: Viperidae) no estado de São Paulo / Variations in morphological and ecological characters of Bothrops jararaca populations (Serpentes: Viperidae) in São Paulo State

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2008

RESUMO

Widely distributed snakes exposed to different conditions of temperature and precipitation throughout their distributions may present geographic variation in morphological and ecological characters (e.g. diet and reproduction). In this study, I investigate whether Bothrops jararaca populations from coastal and adjacent mid-elevation sites of the Serra do Mar and plateau in São Paulo state presented geographic variations in morphological characters and in characters associated to feeding and reproduction. I analyzed 831 specimens among immature and adults of both sexes deposited in the Coleção Herpetológica do Instituto Butantan (IBSP). Data concerning 42 fed individuals from the studied areas taken from unpublished works were also included. Juveniles from the mid-elevation sites feed on endothermic preys (mammals) in higher frequency in relation to that from the coastal sites, which might be due to the higher anuran availability throughout the year at the coastal sites, and/or because the juveniles from the mid-elevation sites select and they are capable of ingest endothermic preys despite their small body size. There were no significant differences among sub-adults and adults from the two populations in the kinds (ectothermic and endothermic) and classes (taxonomic groups) of the prey consumed, which is possibly related to the fact that the individuals from both sites consumes endothermic prey as soon as possible throughout the ontogeny and abandon relatively small items. Although the jararacas from the mid-elevation sites probably are less active during the coldest and driest months of the year and feed less frequently during this period in relation to that of the coastal sites, these individuals did not seem to compensate the fewer opportunities of taking prey by feeding in higher frequency in relation to the coespecifics from the coastal sites during the hottest and warmest months of the year. The specimens from mid-elevation populations consume relatively larger prey and they have larger bodies, relative larger heads, and are stouter for most of the size classes established. It is possible that the more seasonal climate of the mid-elevation sites restricts the extension of the activity period and the feeding efficiency of snakes, which could correspond to a selective agent related to the consumption of larger prey. The difference in diet might be one of the factors that are related to differences in body dimensions between populations from the coast and from mid-elevation sites. Although there are climate differences between the two studied sites, the reproductive cycle of both sexes is seasonal and did not differ between the populations, possibly because this should be a conservative character in the genus Bothrops. The individuals from the higher Serra do Mar and plateau sites become mature with smaller body size, have higher relative fecundity and presumably higher relative clutch mass in relation to those of the coastal sites. These results should be associated, at least partially, to the more caloric preys ingested by the population from the altitude sites. The neonates from the altitude sites seem to have larger body size in relation to those from the coastal sites, what should be associated with the higher frequency of endothermic prey in their diet. It is suggested that some differences between the populations in morphological characters and for the characters associated to the reproductive biology are due to the species phenotypic plasticity and others to evolutionary changes.

ASSUNTO(S)

bothrops jararaca geographic variation reproduction bothrops jararaca diet variação geográfica ecomorphology ecomorfologia

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