Proposta de um protocolo para avaliação da viabilidade de conídios de fungos entomopatogênicos e determinação da proteção ao calor conferida a Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae pela formulação em óleo emulsionável / Establishment of a protocol to evaluate the conidial viability of entomopathogenic fungi and determination of heat protection to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae by emulsifiable oil formulation

Daian Guilherme Pinto de Oliveira

This study aimed to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the influence of temperature and exposure time on the viability and virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in suspensions prepared with pure conidia, rice plus fungus and in formulations of wettable powder and concentrated suspension in emulsifiable oil. Initially, an efficient and economical methodology was developed to evaluate conidia viability for each formulation, especially for products formulated in emulsifiable oil mixed in water (suspension of application). During the development of the methodology, the influence of culture media, antibiotics and fungistatics and appropriate conditions were defined for each formulation. Briefly, the established protocol was based on plating 150 L of suspensions containing between 0.7 and 1×106 conidia/mL on a plate type Rodac® with 5 ml of Potato Dextrose Agar culture medium plus 5 mg/L pentabiotic® and 10mg/L and 10 µL/L Derosal® (Carbendazim) and the subsequent counting of germinated conidia. This method was compared to a direct counting (DC) technique, the technique of colony-forming unit (CFU) and viability through fluorescence. The precision of each methodology was measured by their coefficient of variability (CV). Besides its easiness of execution, the new developed methodology was the most precise of all methods (with CV up to 7 times lower compared to the DC, and up to 32 times lower than the UFC). Our results showed that the technique of UFC is not appropriate for evaluation of formulated products, as compared to the conidial quantification by hemacytometer, this technique underestimated the viable concentration in most forms of fungi tested, and for the products in emulsifiable oil these values were 54% lower for B. bassiana, and up to 73% lower for M. anisopliae. The technique for assessing the viability of the suspension prepared with products formulated in emulsifiable oil was effective, after the removal of oil from the suspension and others adaptations. The effect of temperature and period of time on conidia viability of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae-based products and formulations and their virulence against larvae of Diatraea saccharalis was measured at 26°C, 36°C and 46°C for 1h, 4h and 6h. The longer the time of heat exposure and the higher the temperature, the greater the negative influence on vital parameters of the fungi. However, the emulsifiable oil formulation was the least affected by the detrimental effects of heat for both fungi. Even after 6 hours of exposure to temperature of 36°C, the viability remained above 85% for both species evaluated. This formulation also showed the best results of insect mortality, and even after 4h of exposure to 46°C the efficiency was 39% (for B. bassiana) and 50% (for M. anisopliae), and therefore can be useful for control of D. saccharalis. The proposed protocol of evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi viability is a valuable tool for studies of biotic and abiotic factors effect on efficiency of micoinsecticides during the pre-application period.

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