Molecular determinants of response and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation / Determinantes moleculares de resposta e resistencia aos inibidores da tirosina quinase (TKI) em pacientes com carcinoma de pulmão não pequenas celulas (CPNPC) com mutações no gene do recptor do fator de crescimento epidermico (EGFR)

AUTOR(ES)

Daniel Botelho Costa

DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2008

RESUMO

Most advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations (exon 19 deletions or L858R) initially respond to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib and erlotinib. However, over time (median of 6-12 months) most tumors develop acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs. Intense research in these NSCLCs has identified two major mechanisms of resistance to gefitinib/erlotinib: secondary resistance mutations and "oncogene kinase switch" systems. The secondary T790M mutation occurs in 50% of EGFR mutated patients with TKI resistance, and in vitro this mutation negates the hypersensitivity of activating EGFR mutations. Other secondary resistance mutations (D761Y, L747S, A854T) seem to be rare. The amplification of the MET oncogene is present in 20% of TKI-resistant tumors; however in half of the cases with this "oncogene kinase switch" mechanism the T790M is co-existent. The growing pre-clinical data in EGFR mutated NSCLCs with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib has spawned the initiation or conception of clinical trials testing novel EGFR inhibitors that in vitro inhibit T790M (HKI-272, XL-647, BIBW-2992 and PF00299804), and MET inhibitors in combination with EGFR TKIs. In this work we: 1) Pooled and summarized data from prospective clinical trials of gefitinib for EGFR mutated patients. More than 80% of patients with exon 19 deletions or the L858R EGFR mutation attained a radiographic response with progression-free survival of 7.7 to 12.9 months in the identified studies, and overall survival exceeding 15 months; 2) Identified the pro-apoptotic molecule BIM as the main effector of EGFR TKI-induced apoptosis using NSCLC cell lines with EGFR mutations; 3) Characterized the L858R-L747S gefitinib-resistant mutation, and demonstrated that L858R-L747S has a partial resistance pattern when compared to L858R-T790M; and 4) Evaluated the effects of erlotinib in EGFR mutated NSCLC with resistance to gefitinib while characterizing the correlation of response and resistance to this approach to the known mechanisms of resistance to EGFR TKIs (the secondary mutations T790M and L747S, and the amplification of MET). Our clinical observation was that the majority (over 83%) of the gefitinib-resistant patients given erlotinib 150 mg/day had radiographic progression within the first 2 to 4 months of exposure. This is consistent with our pre-clinical observations, since we expected gefitinib-resistant tumors to predominantly harbor T790M and/or MET amplification, which are cross-resistant to both gefitinib and erlotinib. Ongoing pre-clinical and clinical research in EGFR mutated NSCLC has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes of patients with these somatic mutations

ASSUNTO(S)

proteina tirosina quinase tyrosine kinase protein pulmões - câncer lung cancer

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