Investigação da toxicidade, tratabilidade e formação de subprodutos tóxicos em efluentes clorados de lagoas de estabilização com e sem pós-tratamento. / Investigation of toxicity, treatability and toxic disinfection by-products formation in chlorinated stabilization ponds effluents with and without post-treatment.

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2008

RESUMO

The main difficulties that the stabilization ponds for sewage treatment systems face to meet the requirements imposed by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 can highlight the high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus and fecal and total coliform. When the systems use receivers water bodies Class 2 or 3 generate the need for disinfection. Among the different technologies available for the disinfection of sewage, the chlorination is very attractive at reduced cost compared to other technologies, as well as the high experience that companies and municipalities have in this type of system, because the water treatment systems. About the chlorination technologies, the use of sodium hypochlorite becomes interesting for security, simplicity of installation and operation. The disadvantage of using this type of system is given the possibility of formation of toxic by-products, within which you can highlight the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (AHAs), but this formation can theoretically be reduced by the presence of high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen in effluents of these systems, for its preferential reaction with the chlorine in the formation of cloraminas. Other possibilities for reducing the training is to reduce the concentration of precursors (organic matter), reduce the dosage of chlorine and use dechlorination method after disinfection. This work, developed in PROSAB / FINEP (National Program for Research on Sanitation) research announcement number 4, developed tests for disinfection of anaerobic and facultative ponds effluents using sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant, in concentrations of 8.0 mgCl/L and 12.0 mgCl/L. Were also developed tests for disinfection with anaerobic and facultative ponds effluents post-treated by coagulation / flocculation / sedimentation and coagulation / flocculation / flotation with dissolved air, with concentrations of 2.0 mgCl/L and 4.0 mgCl/L. For all of disinfection tests were also conducted dechlorination tests. This made it possible to study the possibilities of reducing the formation of toxic byproducts of the stabilization ponds effluents disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. The THMs and AHAS concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. Through the methods of Standard Methods 20th Edition analyses were carried out physical-chemical parameters of pH, temperature, COD, BOD, total nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, total Kjeldhal nitrogen, free chlorine, chloramines, coliforms and other indicator microorganisms. The formation of THMs was very low, on average below the 20.0 µg/L in all tests, apparently due to high concentrations of NH3-N, the order of 30.0 mg/L. The same did not occur with AHAs. In many tests found concentrations of AHAs exceeded the standard of 80.0 µg/L recommended by the USEPA for drinking water. Dechlorination reduced 52% of AHAs concentrations, in average. Bioassays showed that the presence of free chlorine in the samples increase the acute toxicity in Daphnia similes. Chlorination followed by dechlorination produces effluents with less toxicity than the toxicity of chlorinated and effluent without chlorination.

ASSUNTO(S)

toxic by-products acute toxicity biotests chlorination subprodutos tóxicos desinfecção de esgoto sanitário haas disinfection thms

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