Inter-relação entre as vias de transmissão do sinal de insulina e leptina em hipotalamo e figado de ratos

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2002

RESUMO

Insulin and leptin have overlapping effects in the control of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism, but the molecular basis of this synergism is unknown. Insulin signals through a receptor tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates and activates the docking proteins IRSs (insulin receptor substrates), whereas the leptin receptor and its associated protein tyrosine kinase JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) mediate phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator oftranscription). To investigate whether insulin and leptin share common intracellular signal transduction pathways and to determine whether these hormonal signaling systems modulate each other s action in rat hypothalamus male Wistar rats were studied after chronic implantation of an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) catheter into the third ventricle. Immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and EMSA assays were used to examine the activation of insulin and leptin signaling molecules in the rat hypothalamus. Acute i.c.v. administration of insulin resulted in a time-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) and MAPK (mitogen activated proein kinase), PI 3 kinase docking and serine phosphorylation of Akt. The i.c.v. administration of leptin resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, IRS-1, IRS-2 and MAPK and PI 3 kinase docking but no phosphorylation of Akt was observed. Simultaneous stimulation with both hormones did not increment tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, IRS-2, Akt and MAPK when compared with isolated administration of insulin. In addition insulin induced JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation and leptin receptor phosphorylation, which in the presence of leptin, augmented the interaction between STAT3 and this receptor. Insulin also increased the leptin-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and its activation. Leptin rapidly activates classically insulin signaling pathways directly at the level of hypothalamus, and these pathways overlap with, but are distinct from, those engaged by insulin. On the other side, insulin modulates the leptin signal transduction pathway, and may provide a molecular basis for the coordinated effects of insulin and leptin in feeding behavior and weight control. To demonstrate the interdependence between insulin and leptin signaling in rat hypothalamus in vivo insulin signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pI 3-kinase), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase were compared in the hypothalamictissues of lean (Fa/?) and obese Zucker (falfa) rats (animal model of insulin resistance, which has a defect in the leptin receptor). Icv insulin infusion reduced food intake in Iean rats but no effect was observed in obese Zucker rats. Pretreatment with PI 3-kinase inhibitors prevents insulin-induced anorexia in lean rats. Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), IR substrates (IRS-1, IRS-2), the associations of p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase to the IRS proteins and serine phosphorylation of Akt in the hypothalamus of obese rats were significantly decreased compared with the lean rats. In contrast, insulin stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase was similar in lean and obese rats. This segment of the study provides direct measurements of insulin signaIing in hypothalamic tissues, and document selective resistance to insulin signaling in the hypothalamus of obese Zucker rats at the molecular leveI. These findings have provided support for the hypothesis that insulin may have anti-obesity actions mediated by the PI 3-kinase pathway and that the impaired PI 3-kinase signal pathway in the hypothalamus may Iead to the development of obesity in insulin resistance and diabetic patients. Originally, it was thought that the hypothalamus was the only tissue expressing OBRb. However, recent evidence at the level of messenger RNA expression and cellular function suggest that peripheral organs including liver also express OBRb. Therefore the second part of the study was designed to investigate the rapid and potentially direct effects of leptin on signal transduction in liver and to determine whether insulin and leptin share common intracellular signal transduction pathways. Chronic leptin treatment markedly enhances the action of insulin on hepatic glucose production out of proportion to the body weight loss and increased insulin sensitivity. In the present experiments the cross-talk between insulin and leptin was evaluated in rat liver. Leptin, upon stimulation of JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation, induced JAK2 coimmunoprecipitation with STAT3, STAT5b, IRS-1 and IRS-2. This phenomenon parallels the leptin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT5b, IRS-1 and IRS-2. Acutely injected insulin stimulated a mild increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3 and STAT5b. Leptin was less effective than insulin at stimulating IRSs phosphorylation and their associations with PI 3-kinase. Simultaneous treatment with both hormones promoted no change in maximal phosphorylation of STAT3, IRS-l, IRS-2 and Akt, but led to marked increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5b when compared with isolated administration of insulin or leptin. Thus, there is a positive cross-talk between insulin and leptin signaling pathways at the level of JAK2 and STAT5b in rat liver. We have characterized the leptin signaling pathway in hypothalamus and liver and demonstrate various mechanisms for the integration between insulin and leptin in these tissues. We have also showed that the cross-talk between these hormones is tissue dependent and that the effects of this interaction affects the energetic homeostasis and glucose metabolism in the various steps

ASSUNTO(S)

resistencia a insulina insulina - receptores obesidade - fisiopatologia leptina hipotalamo - fisiopatologia

ACESSO AO ARTIGO

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