Estimulação eletrica, tipo de desossa e taxas de resfriamento da carne bovina (MM. Longissimus Lumborum e Semitendinosus) : efeitos em caracteristicas fisicas, fisico-quimicas, sensoriais e bacteriologicas / Electrical stimulation, type of boning and chilling rates of bovine meat ( (MM. Longissimus Lumborum and Semitendinosus)

Susana Cardoso

Technologies for the acceleration of the conversion of muscle into meat are used by some of the most important countries in the production and export of meat (Australia, New Zealand) whereas this still not happens in Brazil. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating some of the techniques of accelerated meat production such as electrical stimulation, hot boning and high temperature conditioning and measure its effects on physical, sensory and bacteriological characteristics of meat. Forty Nelore (Bos indicus) pasture-fed steers (30-36 months of age and average slaughter weights of approximately 450 kg) were slaughtered in the plant pilot of the Meat Technology Centre of Institute of Food Technology in Campinas/SP. Animals were stunned and bled. The bleeding was considered time zero for all analysis. Low voltage electrical stimulation (LVES) with a JARVIS BV 80 stimulator [20 V (rms); 60 Hz; 0.25 amps; for 90s alternating 5s on, 5s off] was applied immediately after exsanguination. The animals were randomly assigned to five treatments and two replications for each slaughtering session. The M. Longissimus lumborum (LL) and M. Semitendinosus (ST) were the muscles studied. The hot boned (HB) muscles were excised from the electrically stimulated carcasses after approximately 45 min post mortem (p.m) and conditioned for ten hours at 25°C (ESHB25), 15°C (ESHB15) and 0°C (ESHBO). Conventionally chilled (CC) carcasses were boned 24 h p.m., stimulated (ESCC) or not stimulated (NESCC). For the ESHB25 and ESHB15 treatments, after 10 hours of conditioning the pieces were moved to another storage room at 7°C until the temperature in the centre of the muscle reached 10° C. After this the pieces were moved again to another storage room at 3°C and left there until the temperature in the centre of the piece reached 5° C. In the final stage all pieces for all treatments were left in a storage room at 0 ±2°C for ageing up to seven and 14 days p.m.. pH and R-Value (A250/A260) determinations were carried out in the muscle. Shear forces were determined with a TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer coupled with a Warner-Bratzler probe. The following measurements were done at 2, 7 and 14 days p.m.: water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss and color (L*, a*, b* CIELAB System). Sensory analysis (DQA) was applied in a lab environment considering the attributes tenderness, flavor and juiciness. Bacteriological analysis included enumeration of total and faecal coliforms, total counts of phsychrotrophic aerobes and sulphite reducing clostridia. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for treatment and block effects significance and Duncan Test was used to detect means differences (p<0.05). Only the muscles LL and ST of the ESHB0 treatment were submitted to temperature-time conditions that cold shortening could occur, as confirmed by the increase in its shear force at the 2nd day p.m.. After ageing, this difference was not noticed. The pH drop of the muscles electrically stimulated was not affected by de conditioning temperature. ST muscle presented a faster glycolysis than the LL, reaching pHs below 6,0 at the 2nd hours post mortem (p.m.) whereas this happened to the LL muscles after 6h post mortem. LL muscles of the NESCC treatment present the lowest glycolitic rates (ph24=5.91), highest Warner-Bratzler shear forces (6.86kgf/2nd day p.m.). After 7 days of ageing the LL of all treatments had shear forces of the same magnitude (4.85-5.78kgf). After 14 days of ageing only LL of treatment NESCC (6.01kgf) and ESHB0 (5.11kgf) had highest shear force values. For LL muscles ageing increased tenderness and decreased shear force values whereas to ST muscles there was no significant effect as meat for all treatments were considered tough. Ageing increased exsudation losses and reduced water holding capacity but did not affect cooking losses. ST muscles had higher cooking losses (38.91-41.28%) when compared to LL muscles (25,03-29,40%), which could be caused in part to is rapid glycolisis and also to the higher cooking temperature used. Immediately after deboning the hot boned LL muscles were darker (L*=23.13-25.16) than those cold boned (L*=28.68-31.22). NESCC ST muscles had highest L* values ranging from 42.75-44.93 and b* values (b*=9.03-12.60). Lower bacteriological counts were found to total coliforms and psychrotropic aerobes, and there was no presence of faecal coliforms and sulphite reducing clostridia up to 14 days p.m.. This was a clear indication of a good hygiene during slaughter and cutting of meat. Hot boning with or without the use of conditioning at high temperatures can produce meat with the same or superior quality characteristics of that cold boned, with strong evidence that the use of electrical stimulation is essential.

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