Effects of aerobic exercise training on cardiac hemodynamic, autonomic and morphofunctional adaptations in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of baroreflex / Efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbio nas adaptações hemodinâmicas, autonômicas e morfofuncionais cardíacas da hipertensão espontânea: influência do barorreflexo

Ivana Cinthya de Moraes da Silva

Baroreceptors regulate moment-to-moment changes in blood pressure (BP) and respond for the adequate modulation of autonomic nervous system in physiological situations. In arterial hypertension, there is autonomic function impairment with descreased baroreflex sensitivity and sympathetic activity predominance, besides the progressive cardiac morphofunctional alterations. Exercise training (ET) is an effective approach to improve these dysfunctions. Because baroreflex has clinical relevance in several pathological conditions, in this study, we hypothesized that baroreflex would be a key mechanism for cardiovascular and autonomic adaptations to hypertension and exercise training. For these purposes, it was verified the impact of arterial baroreceptors removal, by sinoaortic denervation method, in BP, heart rate, autonomic modulation, structural and functional cardiac adaptations induced by the ET in hypertensive and normotensive animals. Spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wystar normotensive rats underwent sinoaortic denervation or sham surgery. Afterwards, they were divided in sedentary or trained groups. ET was performed on a treadmill (5x/week, 60 min, intensity 50-70 of maximal speed of exercise test). After a 10-week follow up, femoral artery and vein were cannulated to direct BP record and to evaluate baroreflex sensitivity by vasoactive drugs infusion. Left ventricle systolic (ejection and shortening fractions) and diastolic (isovolumetric relaxation time and E/A ratio) functions and morphometry (diameter and relative wall thickness) were evaluated by echocardiography. Cardiac fibrosis was quantified by histological analysis (picro sirius stained tissue for collagen visualization). BP and HR variabilities were analyzed in time and frequency domains by the FFT method. Sinoaortic denervation caused a striking baroreflex deficit in rats that underwent this procedure without altering baseline mean BP and HR. Nevertheless, sinoaortic denervation sharply increased BP variability and decreased HR variability. ET in non-denervated groups induced resting bradycardia and mean BP reduction only in hypertensive rats (-16%), which were also favored by baroreflex sensitivity normalization. ET caused an important decrease in sympathetic modulation in hypertensives (-53%) and increased vagal modulation in both, normotensive (+8%) and hypertensive (+13%) groups. Inversely, denervated-trained groups did not show hemodynamic and autonomic adaptive benefits to ET. Indeed, it was found augmented HR (+10%) and mean BP (+5%) in denervated-trained normotensive group. Although systolic function was preserved in denervated animals, diastolic function was impaired in these groups and left ventricle collagen volume fraction was 2-fold increased in normotensives. In hypertensives, sinoaortic denervation not only enhanced diastolic dysfunction, but also the cardiac hypertrophy index (+20%) and fibrosis (+64%). ET improved diastolic function in hypertensive rats with intact baroreflex. ET was also effective in attenuating hypertensive concentric cardiac hypertrophy in both, intact and denervated animals, besides reducing left ventricular fibrosis. In conclusion, baroreflex seems to mediate cardiovascular and autonomic adaptations to hypertension and is a crucial mechanism for these adaptations to ET either in normotensive and hypertensive rats.

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