Efeitos das emissões geradas pela queima dos canaviais sobre a superfície ocular / Effects of sugar cane burning emissions on the ocular surface

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2010

RESUMO

The adverse effects of particle emissions produced by sugar cane burning represent a problem that affects mostly developing countries. Previous studies have shown that, during the burning period, there is an increase in respiratory hospital admissions and emergency room visits in communities surrounded by sugar cane plantations in rural cities of Brazil. However, until this date, no previous studies have evaluated the effects on the ocular surface. The aim of the present work is to study the impact of the sugar cane burning on the ocular surface of cane workers and the people at the city of Tatuí, near the burning crops. Twenty-two healthy sugar cane workers and nineteen volunteers from Tatuí region located at the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were recruited to the study. Measurements of the average concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 Vm, temperature and humidity were done during the burning and non-burning periods. Concurrently, histological and clinical assessments of the ocular surface such as, inferior tarsal impression cytology, tear film break-up time, Schirmer´s I test, fluorescein and rose bengal staining, biomicroscopy and eye irritation symptoms were evaluated during the two periods. PM2.5 exposure levels in the crops during the activity of burnt cane cutting were 3.5-fold higher than the suggest limit of 25Vg/m3 proposed by governmental regulation. On ocular assessments, we observed that the average of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive areas of sugar cane workers samples were lower during the burning (mean 57%, SD 6.8) than the non-burning period (mean 64.3%, SD 12; p=0.014) and the downtown volunteers samples (mean 63.9%, SD 6.8; p=0.009). A non-linear regression model reveals a strong relationship between average PAS positive areas and years working in sugar cane harvesting. We noticed an increase in PAS positive areas as long as the years accumulated in sugar cane harvesting labor during non-burning period (r=0.99, p=0.015). Schirmer test t reveals impairment at the values across the years of labour in sugar cane harvesting observed during the burning period (r=0.99, p=0.026). Mean TBUT values of sugar cane workers during the burning period (mean 6.48s; SD 3.47) were lower than non-burning period (mean 10.16s; SD 7.79) and than TBUT of the volunteers of downtown (mean 8.6s, SD 4.6; p<0.05). There were no statistically differences among the groups for the other ocular variables. Our results suggest that seasonal exposition of higher concentrations of emissions generated by sugar cane burning may cause toxic effects on the mucosal epithelium and affect tear film stability that may leave underlying ocular epithelium less protected to harmful agents. On the other hand, chronic occupational exposure to sugar cane emissions during harvest may induce an adaptive response of ocular epithelium associated with an increase of mucus density in order to compensate loss of goblet cells every year during burning period. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the importance for further investigations to better understanding the consequences of air pollution on the ocular surface and suggest procedures to protect ocular surface during this period.

ASSUNTO(S)

air pollution/adverse effects conjunctiva conjuntiva environmental air pollutants goblet cell hyperplasia hiperplasia de células caliciformes ocular surface poluentes atmosféricos poluição do ar/efeitos adversos queima da cana-de-açúcar sugar cane burning superfície ocular

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