Development of alternative methods to the assessment of the creep fracture resistance of polyethylene resins used for the extrusion of water pipes. / Desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos para a avaliação da resistência à fratura por fluência de resinas de polietileno utilizadas para a extrusão de tubos de água.

Fabiano Moreno Peres

Polyethylene has been largely used in potable water distribution systems, mainly in service lines. This polymer offers many advantages over its competitors: flexibility, low cost, ease installation and corrosion resistance. Pipes made with high density polyethylene HDPE, the generic designation of the material in the sanitation industry in Brazil fail in service by fracture due creep, giving rise to leakage and water losses, resulting in higher maintenance costs. Main factors that affect the service life of polyethylene pipes are: material, environment, load and settlement. The search for improved materials leads the petrochemical industry to the continuous development of new resins, with increased resistance to failure, which occurs via slow crack growth. This resistance to in-service failure is usually measured in long-term hydrostatic strength tests, at different temperatures. In these tests HDPE behaves like ductile material (followed by significant plastic deformation) and fails in lower period of time under high stress levels, whereas under lower stress levels it fails in a brittle-like mode - with no visible permanent plastic deformation - after longer times. Failures in service are mainly brittle-like. This ductile-fragile transition in the behavior of the material at least at macroscopic scale, is very important and must be well understood, because it can abbreviate the service life of the tube, through early failure. Time-stress failure data can be ploted in bi-log scale to form what is known in the industrial praxis as regression curve, which is linear, with negative slopes, and a larger slope in modulus for the brittle-like fracture mode. In this way, the ductile-fragile transition appears as a point of inflection. The ductile-to-brittle transition stress is claracteristic of a given formulation and is not easily determined in tests conducted at room temperatures. In spite of its widespread acceptance in the industry, the long-term hydrostatic strength test must be criticized because it has long duration, is expensive and not practical for pipes quality control. Beside that, most of the data are collected at high inner pressures to save time, while the tube is expected to operate in the brittle-like region. The philosophy of these tests, as used in the industry, also implies that the time-to-failure is a material property, while extrinsic factors may shorten the fracture nucleation time, leading to a premature failure. The rising use of polyethylene pipes in water distribution systems, beside other applications as in gas systems, requires the development of new performance evaluation methods, that take into account not the time to failure but also the fracture mechanisms. It is desirable for developing short-term laboratory tests to establish the long-term behavior of pipes, to prevent premature brittle-like failures in the desired service life. Fracture mechanics is just the subject which studies the behavior of materials in the presence of cracks. In this way, two approaches are suggested for the present work : ramp test and the Essential Work of Fracture method. The ramp test method allows to estimate the critical stress that corresponds to the ductile-brittle transition in the regression curve using standard tensile test samples. On the other hand, the Essential Work of Fracture allows a direct estimation of the essential and the non-essential parts of the specific work of fracture. Five different resins for production of polyethylene pipes obtained from traditional raw material suppliers and two other resins designed for other purposes are analysed. The results allow to conclude that the suggested tests are feasible as substitutes or complementaries to the long-term hydrostatic stress tests to evaluate the tendency of the polyethylene pipes to present service failures.

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