Avaliação de danos e efeito de variáveis ambientais na mancha de alternaria (Alternaria helianthi) em Girassol. / Damage assessment and effect of environmental variables on alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria helianthi) in sunflower.

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2002

RESUMO

The development and implementation of integrated disease-management system on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) require precise and accurate information on the damage caused by Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria helianthi). The objectives of this thesis were: to develop and to validate a diagrammatic scale for Alternaria leaf spot; to determine the influence of temperature (15-32.5 °C) and leaf wetness duration (2-24 h) on the monocycle of the disease; and to compare the relationship between variables related to Alternaria leaf spot or to leaf area and yield, in field experiments. The diagrammatic scale with levels representing: 0.03; 0.2; 0.6; 3; 7; 12; 25; 40; and 66% of diseased leaf area was validated by three experienced raters. The scale permitted assessments to be accurate and precise, when drawn or detached leaves were used. The absolute error in estimating disease severity was lower than 13% and the reproduc ibility of assessments was high. In controlled environment studies, relative lesion density and severity were influenced by temperature and leaf wetness duration. The disease was more severe in the temperature of 25 °C. The minimum temperature for disease development was 13.0 °C and the maximum was 35.8 °C. The disease increased with increasing periods of leaf wetness. The estimated minimum temperature for mycelial growth rate was 5.5 °C and the maximum was 32.9 °C. The estimated minimum temperature for conidia germination was 7.9 °C and the maximum was 40.0 °C. Three field experiments were carried out in 1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 to investigate the relationship between severity of Alternaria leaf spot, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), healthy leaf area index at any given day (HLAI), healthy leaf area duration (HAD), radiation intercepted by healthy leaf area at any given day (HRI), total healthy leaf area absorption (HAA), and yield components of sunflower, sowed in four dates. AUDPC showed relationship with yield in two years, following the negative exponential model. The yield x HAD relationship was linear for each of three trials. Among the integral variables analyzed, the yield x HAA relationship was the best one, fitted by the exponential model. The slope of the yield-severity relationship was stable from R1 growth stage. The yield-HLAI relationship was stable between R1 and R6. The yield-HRI relationship was variable and not stable. The yield-severity relationship in R3 growth stage proved that plants with severity higher than 10% had yield lower than 500 kg/ha, despite the sowing date, which can be used as a damage threshold. Severity can be used as an independent variable to a system of sunflower Alternaria leaf spot management.

ASSUNTO(S)

girassol danos alternaria leaf spotv mancha-de-alternaria sunflower damage efeito da temperatura effect of temperature

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