Análise cladística de Charaxinae Guenée (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) / Cladistic analyis of Charaxinae Guenée (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2008

RESUMO

Charaxinae, a butterfly subfamily which belongs to the Nymphalidae, is the subject of this phylogenetic study. With 20 genera and about 330 species in 6 tribes, this subfamily is scattered all around the tropics of the world and is present in all the biogeographic regions. In this work, 70 species of all genera of the Charaxinae subfamily were chosen to represent the in-group: Coenophlebia archidona, Consul Electra, Consul fabius, Hypna clytemnestra, Polygrapha cyanea, Polygrapha suprema, Polygrapha tyrianthina, Polygrapha xenocrates,, Anaea troglodyta, Fountainea nessus, Fountainea ryphea, Memphis appias, Memphis glauce, Memphis grandis, Memphis hirta, Memphis leonida, Memphis moruus, Memphis philumena, Memphis pithyusa, Memphis polycarmes, Memphis polyxo, Memphis verticordia, Anaeomorpha splendida, Noreppa chromus, Archaeoprepona amphimacus, Archaeoprepona chalciope, Archaeoprepona demophon, Archaeoprepona demophoon, Archaeoprepona licomedes, Prepona praeneste, Prepona laertes, Prepona pheridamas, Prepona pylene, Agrias amydon, Agrias claudina, Euxanthe eurinome, Euxanthe trajanus, Palla decius, Polyura athamas, Polyura delphis, Polyura gamma, Polyura pyrrhus, Polyura jalysus, Polyura schreiber, Charaxes varanes, Charaxes candiope, Charaxes cynthia, Charaxes lucretius, Charaxes jasius, Charaxes tiridates, Charaxes hadrianus, Charaxes nobilis, Charaxes zoolina, Charaxes eupale, Charaxes jahlusa, Charaxes pleione, Charaxes zingha, Charaxes etesipe, Charaxes etheocles, Charaxes nichetes, Charaxes laodice, Charaxes solon, Charaxes latona, Charaxes eurialus, Agatasa calydonia, Prothoe australis and Prothoe franck. The out-group consisted of three species from different subfamilies of Nymphalidae: Apatura iris (Apaturinae), Calinaga buddha (Calinaginae) and Amphidecta reynoldsi (Morphinae). The main goal of this work is to test xi the monophyly hypothesis of the subfamily and to present a kinship hypothesis for the lower taxonomic levels. The matrix is composed with morphological data of adult and immature stages (when available). The methodology follows the Principles of Parsimony and the character polarization is based on out-group comparison. The monophyly of the subfamily was corroborated in the Consensus tree by four synapomorphies. All tribes are monophyletic, except for Preponini. In this case, Anaeomorpha splendida is placed with the Anaeini species, an issue that requires more scrutiny. The grouping of Prothoini and the Neotropical Charaxinae is another result derived from this analysis. It is probable that this groupings place in the cladogram is a basal one relative to the Neotropical clade (Anaeini + Preponini). This supposition is supported by successive weighting analisys. Some genera proved to be polyphyletic, and Charaxes, Archaeoprepona and Preponaneed taxonomic revision based on this phylogeny. Thus, Charaxes should include the Polyura species; Archaeoprepona should include the monotipic genus Noreppa; and Prepona should include Agrias in future taxonomic work.

ASSUNTO(S)

systematics lepidoptera phylogeny sistemática filogenia lepidoptera charaxinae charaxinae

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