Alterações cerebrais associadas à presença de déficits cognitivos em idosos: um estudo usando morfometria voxel-a-voxel por ressonância magnética / Brain abnormalities associated with the presence of cognitive impairment in elderly: an MRI study using voxel-based morphometry

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2010

RESUMO

Introduction: In studies with structural magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), methods of analysis voxel-by-voxel allow comparisons among groups of gray matter volume or glucose metabolisms in an automatized fashion all around the brain. In studies with cognitive disorder carriers, such as Alzheimers Disease (AD) compared to healthy controls, such methods show alterations not only in the brain regions classically involved in AD (such as hippocampus), but also in areas not previously investigated. Even in the absence of dementia, elderly people often present cognitive changes, mainly in association with cardiovascular risk factors, such as systemic arterial hypertension. Methodology: We performed MRI in a sample of 265 elderly people in the age range between 66 to 75 years old. The sample was divided in two groups: the first one with cognitive loss compatible to cognitive impairment diagnosis (characterized by the performance of 1.5 standard deviation below the group average) and the second group without cognitive loss. The presence of brain alterations associated to the presence of cognitive deficits between the groups was investigated using an automatized methodology of voxel-to-voxel evaluation through statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Results: It was identified 5 subjects with cognitive impairment in a population sample of 244 individuals. The presence of cognitive impairment was associated to the presence of silent lesion (p=0.001), age (p=0.002), and the presence of diabetes (p=0.026). Impairments in the overall cognitive performance were associated to the reduction of the gray matter (GM) involving the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus to the right (p=0.049 and p=0.036, respectively). Impairments in the performance of memory tasks were associated to the reduction of GM involving the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala regions to the left (p=0.026, p=0.031, and p=0.007, respectively). Impairments in attention tasks were associated to the reduction of GM involving the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus to the left (p=0.019 and p=0.013, respectively). Finally, impairments in the cognitive performance of verbal fluency tasks were associated to the reduction of GM involving the medial temporal cortex to the right (p=0.041). Conclusion: The presence of cognitive impairment was observed in a small percentage of the general population when evaluated through the comparison of the performance in the group itself. The study of brain morphometry after the exclusion of subjects with silent lesion observed that the cognitive performance of the elderly people from the community presented direct relationship with the brain volume of the limbic regions, important for the cognition and memory.

ASSUNTO(S)

cognitive decline demência dementia elderly idoso imagem por ressonância magnética magnetic resonance imaging prejuízo cognitivo

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