Geração distribuída aplicada à edificações : edifícios de energia zero e o caso do laboratório de ensino da FEC-Unicamp / Distributed generation applied to buildings : net zero energy buildings and the case of the laboratory at FEC-Unicamp

AUTOR(ES)
FONTE

IBICT - Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia

DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

31/08/2012

RESUMO

Electricity consumption in Brazil increased 47% in the last decade, and it is estimated that it will increase 55.6% until 2020. Most of the electricity generated in the country is based on large hydroelectric dams, located away from the major cities. The planned expansion of the generation park to meet this increase in the demand is also based on this model, leading to great transmission and distribution losses. One way to reduce these losses is through a greater use of distributed generation, where the electricity is generated near or at the point of consumption, e.g., integrated to buildings. With the viabilization of this model of electricity generation and of energy efficient buildings, the concept of Net Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB) was created. A ZEB is a building with low energy needs which, through the course of a year, generated all the energy which it consumes from renewable energy sources. In 2010, the building sector was responsible for 46.9% of all electricity consumption in Brazil, and this share will increase until the end of the decade. That way, a larger use of the distributed generation from renewable sources integrated to buildings and of new ZEB can meet part of this growing demand, and thus postpone or avoid the construction of new large hydroelectric dams and thermoelectric power plants running on fossil fuels, reducing the social and environmental impacts caused by its construction and operation. This dissertation proposes a methodology for the project of electricity generation systems in ZEBs, aiming to help engineers and architects in the dimensioning of these systems, allowing a greater adoption of this kind of building. The methodology consists of a few simple steps, which includes an analysis of the building energy consumption and of the local energy potential, sizing and simulation of the generation system and comparing the results in order to conclude if it is possible for the building to become a ZEB. Additionally, the methodology proposes tools to help choosing the better option among different systems sizes and technologies, including the cost of the system, of the electricity produced by it and the energy payback time. The methodology will be applied to a university´s laboratory, which will be built at Unicamp, which aims to have the lowest environmental impact possible during its construction and operation and to be a Net Zero Energy Building. It was addressed the viability and potential contribution of electricity generation from renewable energy sources, solar photovoltaic and small wind turbines, in the laboratory´s project as an strategy to reach the ZEB target. Three photovoltaic systems quoted from specialized companies during the project were also analyzed. Also, in order to address the influence of the technology and positioning of the photovoltaic systems on its performance, several simulations of systems with 1kWp were carried out, in different tilts and orientations, and using different technologies of photovoltaic modules. These simulations were performed using the Homer Energy software, which is free of charge.

ASSUNTO(S)

geração de energia fotovoltaica edifícios sustentáveis energia eólica photovoltaic power systems photovoltaic power generation sustainable buildings wind energy

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