Detection of dysphagia during the acute phase of ischemic cerebrovascular accident. Proposition of behavior based on the characterization of risk factors / Detecção de disfagia na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico. Proposição de conduta baseada na caracterização dos fatores de risco

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2008

RESUMO

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia is a common manifestation presented in the acute phase of cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The aspiration resulting from the difficulties of deglutition is a symptom that should be considered due to the frequent occurrence of aspirative pneumonia that could influence the patients recovery, causing complications to the general clinical and even the risk of death. The early clinical characterization of deglutition alterations can help to specify the proper behavior and to avoid the prescription of a diet that could offer the patients risks. The present study had as objective to propose the most secure feeding for the patient in the acute phase of the ischemic cerebrovascular accident (ICVA) with the aim to minimize complications, using the CVA scale proposed by the National Institutes of Health (NIHSS) and considering some risk factors of dysphagia in the practice presented by these patients, with the creation of an algorithm. Thus, 50 inpatients were evaluated at the Unidade de Emergência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo with clinically confirmed ICVA diagnosis by a neurologist, within, at most, 48 hours from the onset of the symptoms and the evaluation. The patients were assessed randomly as long as, in which 25 were women and 25 were men, and 64,90 years old were the average ages (variation from 26 to 91 years old). An anamnesis was carried out before the patients participation in the study, so that the previously absence of the history of deglutition difficulties was ensured. The clinical phonoaudiological assessment was carried out on bed side through a protocol constituted by patients identification data, symptoms onset date, admission date in the hospital, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and NIHSS score obtained in the initial neurological evaluation and in the evaluations day, risk factors for CVA, clinical findings obtained from the patients neurological evaluation, result of the screenings (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging). The second part was designed to the NIHSS scale and, the third part was constituted by the clinical deglutition evaluation, subdivided in structural and functional. For the functional deglutition evaluation the pasty, liquid and solid feeding consistencies were used (when possible, depending on the conditions presented by the patient). The volume of the offer also depended on the presented possibilities: those patients who did not present clinical conditions for the evaluation, such as the ones who were with orotraqueal intubation, deep sleep state or coma; it was counter-indicated. After the clinical evaluation, with the structural and functional data obtained, it was concluded whether the clinical deglutition evaluation was normal or altered. Since then, it was concluded the possibility of a diet prescription. For the statistical analysis the Fisher exact test was used to verify the association between variables. To evaluate if the NIHSS score would characterize a risk factor indicator for dysphagia, the curve ROC was built aiming to obtain characteristics related to the sensitivity and specificity of the scale for this purpose. The study allowed us to conclude that dysphagia is a frequent manifestation in the acute phase of ICVA, present in 32% of the analyzed patients. The clinical deglutition evaluation is a reliable method of difficulties deglutition detection. However, the predicting risk factors for the function should be balanced and the severity of the clinical picture, the consciousness level and the presence of preexistent comorbidities should be considered. The systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) demonstrated to be the main risk factor for the CVA presented by 72% of the patients, followed by tabagism (36%), alcoholism (20%) e diabetes mellitus (20%). Gender and damaged cerebral hemisphere did not have a statistically significant association to the presence of dysphagia. Age, NIHSS, GCS, speaking and language alterations and lesion topography are predicting factors of dysphagia presenting statistically significant differences. Patients with lesions in the carotid territory presented more prevalence regards the presence of dysphagia (58,88%). NIHSS presents high sensitivity (88%) and specificity (85%) to the detection of dysphagia considering 12 as the cutoff value for its existence. The creation of an algorithm to detect dysphagia in the acute phase of ICVA will be able to help the definition of the proper behavior regards the prescription of a diet while a specialized speech pathological evaluation is awaited.

ASSUNTO(S)

cerebrovascular accident transtorno de deglutição acidente cerebrovascular avaliação clínica disfagia dysphagia deglutition disorder clinical evaluation.

ACESSO AO ARTIGO

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